I want to study with you this afternoon about the revelation of character. We are living in the shaking time and many, many people wonder what the shaking is all about and why we have to go through it. The result is that when the shaking is over, everybody in the entire world will have revealed and made public their real character. And that is what is scary about the shaking.

What the shaking does is reveal what was already inside. If it is inside, it is part of your character. You and I have some things about our character that nobody else in the world knows. It is inside. It has not been revealed. But the shaking will reveal everybody's character.

In Luke 2:34 it talks about Simeon coming in and speaking with Joseph and Mary; and then Simeon blessed them, "and said to Mary, His mother, 'Behold, this child is destined for the fall and rising of many in Israel and for a sign which shall be spoken against (yes, a sword will pierce through your own soul also) that the thoughts [or reflections] of many hearts may be revealed." How many hearts? Many.

Ellen White comments on this verse in The Desire of Ages. She says that the thoughts of the Creator, the King of the Universe; the thoughts of Lucifer, the prince of darkness, and all of his angels, and the thoughts of the heart of every human being in the world will be revealed by the mission of Christ. Now how is it that the thoughts of many hearts, which includes all, every intelligence in heaven and earth, the thoughts of all will be revealed? How does that happen?

Here is how it happens:

1. Christ's mission was to reveal the character of God. Here is the way Ellen White describes it. She said, "Satan has cast his shadow athwart the pathway of every human being, in order that he may misrepresent God to the world. He has clothed the character of God with attributes that are satanic, and wholly at variance with the truth. He has pictured Him [that is, God] as a Being full of revenge, as a lawgiver whose law is beyond the power of man to keep and he has implanted enmity in the heart of the sinner, so that man unregenerated is in rebellion against God. This is the impression that Satan has made upon the human mind.

Those who present the law of God as a transcript of the divine character will blend with their teaching that which belongs with the subject, and will present the love of the Father and the Son. When this is done, the shadow of the evil one will be removed from the hearts of men, and the clear light of Christ's love, illuminating the understanding will reveal the character of God as of One who is infinite in mercy." Review and Herald, February 10, 1891.

So what would the mission of Christ do? It would reveal the character of God, not as a stern, harsh, revengeful, arbitrary, severe, unforgiving God, like the devil has pictured Him, but Christ would reveal God as Someone who was infinite in mercy. The sinners can then behold Christ as one able and willing to cleanse them from all sin; and because of the mission of Christ, the sinner could see God--not in His wrath but in the sunshine of His love.

The more you study it, the more you realize that His love is beyond all human love and there is nothing parallel by which we can describe or compare it. And you know, when God sent His Son Jesus into the world, this infinite God decided to give so much that it would be impossible for any human being to say that God could have done more.

And so, God exhausted His infinite resources. You see, when God sent Jesus into the world, it was the same as giving all of heaven. It was the same as giving everything He had because Jesus Christ was the One who created everything in the Universe that you look at at night. That is the One who was given to redeem a lost planet, a race of rebels.

Here is another description of that gift

"No greater gift can be bestowed upon man than that which is comprehended in Christ.... A neglect to lay hold of the priceless treasure of salvation, means the eternal ruin of your soul. The peril of indifference to God and neglect of His gift, is measured by the greatness of salvation. God has done to the uttermost of His almighty power. The resources of infinite love have been exhausted in devising and executing the plan of redemption for man. God has revealed His character in the goodness, the mercy, compassion, and love manifested to save a race of guilty rebels." Review and Herald, March 10, 1891.

So how much has God done? He has done so much that it would be impossible to say that He could do more. He cannot do any more, even though He is infinite. His infinite resources have been exhausted. Incidentally, that is the reason that after Jesus comes, there will never be a second chance, because if the opportunity that has already been given to yield to Christ and to follow Him does not attract you, there really is not any more that God can do.

He has exhausted His resources. He has given us everything that He has to give. He cannot give any more. He cannot do any more. We say that respectfully and reverently, because when God gave Christ to this world, gave His only begotten Son to die a public death of shame and agony to pay the price of sin, that was the most that could be given. He cannot give any more than that.

The gift of Christ reveals the thought, first of all, of the Creator and it reveals His character. But it not only reveals the thoughts and character of the Creator, but the incarnation of Christ in the world reveals the thoughts and the character of the devil. It reveals the nature of the devil's rebellion.

Do you remember the story of the woman who was crippled for eighteen years? (See Luke 13:11--16.) She was in the synagogue and when Jesus was in the synagogue, He saw this woman who had this infirmity The Bible said that she could not stand upright. So Jesus spoke to this woman and He touched her, the Bible says, and healed her of this infirmity and she stood upright and praised the Lord.

Do you remember what happened next? The ruler of the synagogue got angry. Do you remember what he said? He said, Well, there are six days you can come and be healed and do not come on the Sabbath. (See verse 14.) Now Jesus was a Person who never played politics. He never varied from telling the truth. He was kind, He was pitiful, He was courteous, He did not always tell everybody, in fact, He never told everybody everything that He could have told them.

But when the ruler got angry, the Lord had to give him a rebuke. By the way, Ellen White says that that ruler of the synagogue never forgave Christ for rebuking him. He never forgave Him, so he will not be in the kingdom of heaven. She says that he revealed the character of the devil.

The character of the devil and the character of God were revealed that morning in that synagogue. And Jesus said, "Hypocrites, which one of you does not take his ox or his ass and loose him on the Sabbath day so that he could drink? Should not this woman who was bound by Satan for eighteen years, should not she be loosed from her infirmity, from her bondage on the Sabbath thy?" (See verse 16.)

The Bible says that all those that opposed Him were ashamed when He said that.

Ellen White comments on that story, "The woman had not been possessed in spirit but the Lord had suffered Satan to exercise his will in bringing disease upon her for God was demonstrating the nature of His kingdom before the whole universe of heaven. This opportunity must be given Him to reveal the character of apostasy. The inhabitants of worlds unfallen could view in this case the attributes of Satan and the character of God. The law of God, is a transcript of His character. The rebel leader was in opposition to the law of God and revealed the fact that his principles were those which actuated one who is lawless, disobedient, unholy, an accuser, a liar, and a murderer. The true character of the ruler of the synagogue was laid bare, and it was made manifest that he was on the side of the great rebel, though sanctimoniously professing to be very punctilious concerning the law of God. He knew not the principle of love that underlies the commandments, and preferred that the woman should suffer rather than that Jesus should work a miracle to heal her, and thus counteract his work of misrepresentation." Signs of the Times, April23, 1896.

So, the character of the devil was revealed. That was just one case where the character of the devil was revealed. The character of the devil was revealed one time after another the whole time that Jesus was in the world. That is why the devil was so furious. That is why he persecuted Jesus so mercilessly, because every time he would attack, it would reveal his character again and then he would get more angry. He would attack again, and his character would be revealed again.

This was predicted in Genesis 3:15 where the Lord told the devil, "You are going to bruise His heel but He is going to bruise your head." And that is what happened. And that is what happens to us. If we are joined to the Lord, the devil is going to attack us. Every time he attacks us, we will get bruised in the heel, but the devil's character will be revealed, and if we are filled with the Holy Spirit, God's character will be revealed and the whole Universe can watch and see.

Here is another revelation of the devil's character by the mission of Christ. "He came to this world [that is Christ] to live God's law in human nature. He came to testify to the worlds unfallen, to seraphim and cherubim, to angels and to men, that Satan's rebellion against God and His law was without foundation or excuse, that in His law God had revealed his character. This character Christ represented by living that law, thus vindicating it, and showing its immutability. This Satan could not tolerate. He could not bear to lose all that he had attempted in heaven, and in attempting which he had lost heaven. He and his evil angels united in a desperate companionship with disloyal and evil men. They resolved to use the whole power of their corrupt energies in putting out of the world the light of truth." Review and Herald, January 23, 1900.

So by the mission of Christ, two things were revealed; God's character and the nature of His government was revealed, and the devil's character and the nature of his rebellion was revealed. Not only was the character of God, the government of God, not only the character of the devil, the rebellion of the devil revealed, but also everybody else would reveal what was in their hearts through the mission of Christ.

How does that work? Well, the way that works is that everyone of us can see what has already been demonstrated and we have to then make a decision on whose side we are going to be. And so, every one of us will end up revealing our character--and this is what happens during the shaking time. We will reveal what is in our heart.

Those who have never studied or understood the nature of the Christian religion, the heathen and those who do not understand the real nature of the Christian religion feel that their salvation is dependent on adherence to some type of ceremony or a ritual. There are millions and millions of people in the world under this mistaken notion.

And so, they believe, for instance, that you must be baptized or you are going to go to hell. Now, being baptized is important. Jesus said, "He that believes and is baptized will be saved and he that believes not will be damned or condemned." (See Mark 16:16.) But going through the ceremony itself is not what saves you. You see, there will be millions of people in hell fire who have been baptized. Are you aware of that?

So that proves that going through the ceremony will not save you. The same is true in regard to holy water, or going to communion. There are many, many people who go to church so that they can take part in communion because they have been taught that if you do not take part in communion, you will be lost. But if you take part in communion, if you drink that wine, eat that bread, you will be saved.

But, friend, there will be millions of people in hell fire who have been in many communions. Millions and millions. You see, no ritual, no ceremony can save you because God's kingdom is spiritual. The thing that matters is your character. I love the way Ellen White says it in Christ's Object Lessons, 74: "lt is character that decides destiny" Your character determines your destiny.

We cannot read or judge somebody else's character, because we cannot read his or her heart. That is not our job. However, we have perfect permission and authority to check up on our own heart and ask, What is the reason that I am doing what I am doing. And in addition to that, there are certain indicators.

You know, if you fly an airplane or if you drive a diesel truck or a big tractor, you have different gauges. And those gauges give us some indicators. They indicate what is going on in the engine.

I remember one pilot told me how he trained American pilots in the Second World War. They had to train military pilots in World War II to make night landings without any lights because if they were landing in dangerous territory, the enemy would try to bomb the airfields and destroy the airplanes. So they would have blackout conditions and they had to be able to take off and land at night without any lights.

He was trying to train this young man who was having trouble landing at night without lights. In fact, he called him Mr. Nut. He said this guy would come in over the airport, and he could never gauge it right, and all of a sudden the plane would just drop out of the sky and fall on the ground. He kept working with this guy, trying to train him to land at night without any lights. He dropped the plane so hard, that when the flight instructor looked at the gauge, the gauge indicated that they did not have any fuel pressure. So he thought, we had better stop right now before we drop out of the sky for good. When they checked the plane over, they discovered the reason it did not have any fuel pressure was because this pilot had dropped that plane on the runway so hard, that the line from the engine up to the gauge had gotten broken. So it actually was not any problem at all. It was just that the gauge was out because the line had been ruptured. (This poor man never did learn to do night landings.)

So we have these gauges. Sometimes they are hooked up to electrical wires, sometimes they are hooked up to copper tubing or stainless steel tubing, some times to high pressure tubing, and by these gauges we get an indication of what is going on with the mechanical device. And while we cannot read a person's heart, we all give indications of our character that can be clearly read, just like these gauges.

I want to read to you from the writings of Ellen White the things that clearly indicate our characters. These are clear indications, revelations of what our character is like. Here is one. "Words that reveal the character of the heart treasure." Christ's Object Lessons, 338

What do words do? Words reveal the character of the heart treasure. I have a couple of others here. "Your words, your character, your conduct, your spirit, reveal the character of the tree, for these are the fruits you bear." General Conference Bulletin, February 6, 1893, 163.

In other words, the fruit of the character is our spirit, our words and our actions. Other people cannot tell what is going on in our minds, they cannot tell what our feelings or thoughts are, but by our words--"Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks." Matthew l2:34.--our character is revealed. And so the words, the spirit and the actions tell. Do you realize, friends, that every word and every action that you and I are involved in is a revelation of our character? It is! And sometimes we do not even know ourselves. We make a profession of one thing, but our words and our actions reveal something quite different that what we are professing.

Every action, every word is a revelation. It is an indicator of the character. And these indicators are so accurate that God says in the Bible that is the way He is going to make the judgment. He says, I am going to make it according to your works. And, of course, your works are simply indicators of your character. So the judgment is according to character, because it is according to works.

By the way, the Bible never says, like our theological opponents, that you are judged by your belief or your profession. If you look at Paxton's book, printed in 1976, on the shaking of Adventism, one of his major problems, one with which he took issue with Adventists, was the fact that we teach that the judgment is according to works. But the reason we took that position is because that is what the Bible says, over and over and over again.

There is no statement in the Bible that the judgment is according to your belief or your profession or your faith. There is no statement in the Bible like that. Check your own concordance. The judgment is according to works, because the works reveal whether the Holy Spirit is working in your heart and my heart, transforming our characters.

Now as we live, as we think, as we talk, as we work, our words reveal the character that we are developing, and I want to go to a very interesting subject about how our words reveal our character. You see, when Jesus spoke, His words revealed His character. His words revealed God's character, and as you and I speak, every word that we speak, every sentence that we utter, reveals our character. So we need to pay attention. The apostle Paul said to examine yourselves whether you are in the faith. (See II Corinthians 13:5.) We need to pay attention and ask the question, What are my words revealing about the character lam developing?

"Let compassion for one an-other be blended with all you say then you will reveal the character of Christ." This Day with God, 143.

When will you reveal the character of Christ? When compassion for others is revealed in everything that you say. Now, by the way the real test is not whether you can have compassion for your friends; the real test is whether you can have compassion for your enemies, the people who would like to destroy you. That is the real test. Mrs. White says, "The manners of Christ were gentle and unassuming. As His followers we are to partake of His nature. We need to be daily learners of the great Teacher, that the atmosphere surrounding the soul may be filled with spiritual life?" Ibid.

Is compassion for one an-other blended in all that we say? Do we have sympathy for the other person? If we have sympathy for the other person, then compassion for them will be revealed in our speech. Now this business of sympathy is a very big subject. It is a subject that every Christian needs to understand. Do you realize, friends, that the reason that one-third of the angels of heaven fell with the devil was be-cause of sympathy? Did you know that?

Read the first chapter of Patriarchs and Prophets, or read the chapter on "The Origin of Evil" in The Great Controversy. There are many places in Ellen White's writings where she talks about this. And this is what happened, and it is still going on. That is why we need to study it and understand it. The devil went out among the angels and he had a subject, and his subject was himself.

What he told them was a mournful tale of woe; how he had not been treated right. By the way, have you ever heard of any one that has not been treated right? He was the commanding angel; he was the leading angel in heaven under Christ. Of all created beings, he was in first place. And he was so skillful in telling this story of how he had not been treated right in the government of God, that their sympathies were aroused. And they began to have sympathy for Lucifer. They felt sorry for him.

Now people today do not think that is dangerous. There are people all the time who have their sympathies aroused, and they do not realize that that is how one-third of the angels of heaven lost their souls, lost eternal life and headed straight for hell. But they do not think it is dangerous.

If you tell them that it is dangerous, they would be shocked. They would think that you were out of your mind. They think it is perfectly natural to be sympathetic toward somebody who has been mistreated. And I want to tell you, friends, false sympathy is one of the most dangerous things that there is. It caused one-third of the angels to lose their way and it will send millions and millions of people to hell fire.

Here is how it works. "Visiting the widow and the fatherless which the apostle enjoined, is to have a Christian, sanctified sympathy with them in their affliction." [So that is a sanctified sympathy with the widow and the fatherless.] "They will show that they are Bible readers, Bible believers, and they obey every injunction of the word of God. They will not seek to create sympathy for themselves by speaking in disfavor of wife or husband." Welfare Ministry, 218.

Did you notice what it said? "They will not seek to create sympathy for themselves by speaking in disfavor of wife or husband." The way people seek sympathy for themselves is by talking disparagingly of somebody else. Somebody has not been treated right.

The Country Western music people have developed a whole culture of music on "somebody has done somebody wrong." And people's sympathies are aroused.

Now notice how it works. The way the devil did works the same way with human beings; he told the angels that he had not been treated right, and so they developed sympathy for this poor person who had not been treated right. And when the time came to make up their minds whose side they were going to be on, they felt so sorry for Lucifer that they joined his side of the great controversy.

When I was a young pastor, I had occasion to work with a very experienced evangelist. It was very fortunate for me that he was in town right about that time, because I had a family in my church and the accusation was going around that the father of the family was also the father of his daughter's child. So we had to go out and visit this family

This experienced evangelist started telling me some stories about his experiences. And it was unbelievable to me. I had never heard things like this before. He told me about different experiences he had in different churches where he had been pastor, as well as evangelist. He said, "I will tell you something. So far I have never seen an exception to this. When there is a marital problem in the church, generally the one that is at fault will be doing most of the talking. And generally most of the church will develop a sympathy for the person who is at fault and they will take their side. I have never seen it to fail yet."

I could hardly believe what I was hearing. I could not believe that human beings were like this. I was young and naive. But I am a little older now. I have had a little opportunity to watch things like this happen. Do you know what? I cannot prove his hypothesis either. I have not seen the exception yet. I am sure that there is one somewhere, sometime. But I have not seen it yet. I have a lot of recent experience with this, be-cause people contact me from all over the country by telephone, and this is what happens. I cannot explain why or how, but when these things happen, people have a desire to obtain sympathy for themselves. And the way they develop that sympathy is by talking about the other person, showing that they have been wrongfully treated.

The person who is more innocent, very often feels so crushed that they do not say anything to anybody Pretty soon the whole church is against them. I have seen it happen over and over. This sympathy business is a very, very dangerous business. Do you realize that if you sympathize with sin, you are demonstrating to the whole universe that you are on the devil's side of the great controversy?

Do you know that you can determine your eternal destiny by whom and with what you sympathize? Do you realize how dangerous this is? We need to become mature Christians.

When people come to us with a tale of woe about how awful they have been treated, I often say, Well, if it is that bad, call the church together and let us get both sides, hear both sides of the story, so that the church can make up their minds what they need to do. And do you know what usually happens? What usually happens is that they do not want to do that.

And that tells me that it was just a cancellation of a given. If it was that bad, let us get the whole church together and let us fully hear both sides of what is happening so that we can make up our minds on how to help the people.

Let me tell you, if you get involved in any situation like this, whatever you do, do not ever sympathize with anybody, no matter how badly they have been treated, until you hear both sides of the story.

Dangerous. It took down one-third of the angels in heaven. I have no idea how many people are going to be lost because of false sympathy, but I know it will be in the hundred of millions. I know that. It is a dangerous, dangerous thing. We need to have sanctified sympathy for those who are widows, for those who are orphans, for those who are sick, for those who are in difficult circumstances, for those who are in trouble; we need to have sanctified sympathy for them.

But watch out about having sympathy for the person who tells you how they have been mistreated. Watch out, because you will not find one example in the life of Christ where He talked about how badly He was being mistreated; even when He was on the cross. You will not find any place or time when He tried to get your sympathy for Himself because He was being mistreated. Jesus did not do that.

And if we are followers of Him, we are to copy Him. And I will tell you something else. We will never get ready for heaven by trying to get others to sympathize with us. It will never happen. You do not get ready for heaven that way It does just the opposite. It has the wrong effect on your character.

"Christ, as Commander of heaven, was appointed to put down the rebellion. Satan and all his sympathizers were east out of heaven." Review and Herald, May 30, 1899. Who was cast out of heaven? Satan, and all of his sympathizers. And do you know what? In the Day of Judgment the sympathizers are not going back into heaven, either.

So you need to be careful, friend. We all need to be careful. When somebody tries to get us to feel sympathetic for him or her because of how badly they have been treated, watch out. You might demonstrate to the whole universe that you have just taken sympathy with the devil. It is very, very dangerous. Jesus never, never tried to get other people to feel sympathetic for Him. And I want to tell you; He was terribly mistreated in this world.

Our mission, as Christians, is to reveal the character of Christ. And one of the ways that we reveal the character of Christ again, is by how we speak.

Here is a statement about how we reveal our character by our speech.

"When we seek to reveal the character of Christ, accepting the gift of the Holy Spirit, God will work with us. We will be Christ-like. No rebuffs, no harsh, stinging, condemnatory words will come from our lips. We will not lock the doors of our hearts against the Holy Spirit's entrance. When God works, we will not say, 'It is fanaticism.' No guile will be found on our lips. We will be holy in all manner of conversation, serving God with singleness of purpose. Then we shall be prepared for a pleasant day of reckoning." Manuscript Releases, vol. 17, 204, 205.

Do you know, friends, we are all going to a day of reckoning. We are all going, and inspiration tells us that if our speech is right, the day of reckoning will be pleasant. We are going to the Day of Judgment, the day of reckoning. We are going to give an answer.

Most people in this world; even most of the Christian world, do not want to believe that God has a moral universe. They do not want to believe that, because in a moral universe, we are all moral beings, and we are, therefore, accountable. We are accountable for what we think, how we feel, and we are accountable for what we say and do.

We are going to a day of reckoning where we are going to give an answer and now is the time that you and I can change the results of our day of reckoning. If we are converted and if we receive the Holy Spirit so that we reveal the character of Christ in our words and in our actions, then the day of reckoning will be pleasant. In fact, it will be exciting because then we will see the result of that kind of a character.

If we do not, if we just make a profession but our character reveals false sympathy, if we have sympathized for sin, if we sympathize for wrong, we will go where all the people who did the sin and the wrong go. If that is where our sympathy lies, we will go with those people. So your sympathy can decide your eternal destiny It did for one-third of the angels.

Jesus told many stories to try to get these points across to His listeners. One of the stories that he told, that Ellen White says is a revelation of the character of Christ and the character of God, is the story of the Good Samaritan. And, friends, we are living in a world where there are people all around us who need some mercy Jesus came to reveal that God had a character that was infinite in mercy.

A few years ago I was at a campmeeting up at Hope International. My brother, Marshall, was speaking on the very well-known passage of Scripture in Micah 6:6--8, which says, God requires of people three things. And it lists what they are. The second one is to love mercy. Not only to do right, not only walk humbly with the Lord but also to love mercy.

And then, as he quoted James 2:13, I was listening, and that text really struck home to me. And I have thought about it many, many times ever since. It says, "For judgment is without mercy to the one who has shown no mercy. Mercy triumphs over judgment." It is that simple. Jesus said, "Blessed are the merciful, for they will obtain mercy" The ones that give mercy will receive mercy.

The story of the Good Samaritan is a story that reveals the character of God, the character of Christ. It is a story that we need to emulate. And I want to leave you with this challenge.

Think about a few things that we have studied, and pray about your own life and your own experience. Ask the Lord to help you reveal the character of Christ is your life.

You see, the church is to be a continual re-incarnation of the life of Christ. After He was resurrected, Jesus said to His disciples, "As the Father has sent me, so I send you." The Father sent Him to reveal the Father's character He has sent us to reveal His character. And I am very sorry to tell you that I myself have done a very poor job of it, and I know that. I am praying about it day by day.

Friends, God is going to have a people upon whom He is going to put His stamp of approval. It is called the Seal of God. He has a people upon whom He is going to put His seal. And do you know what Ellen White says has to be our condition in order to receive that stamp of approval? She says that to receive that Seal, we must reflect the image of Jesus perfectly.

That means that we must stand for what is right, no matter what happens, whether we live or die. Yes, that is part of it, but that is not all. The other part is, in addition to standing for what is right even if the heavens fall; we must have mercy on the sinner who repents. Now, I am not talking about the sinner who is not repentant. That person is going to receive the wrath of God if he does not repent. That is what the Bible teaches.

But when a sinner repents, we are to have mercy on that person. If we do not, we cannot reflect the character of Christ. How are we going to get there? It is going to take a miracle, friends, a miracle of grace for people like you and me to perfectly reflect the character of God.

But God would not have written these things down and given them to us in the Spirit of Prophecy if He did not intend to do it. You can be sure of that. God would not have told us these things for nothing, if He could not do it. So I believe that God can work that miracle out in your life, and He can work it out in my life, if we are willing to cooperate.

Do you want to be in a condition so that God can look down on you and say, That person is a perfect reflection of Jesus Christ? Now we will never equal Jesus Christ. If you have a mirror, it reflects a perfect image of the sun. The mirror is not the sun. Do not think that we are ever going to be God. No, we are not teaching that. But we are to be a perfect reflection of His character, just like a mirror that is perfect will give you a perfect reflection of the sun. It cannot reflect one millionth of the energy of the sun, but it can still be a perfect reflection of the sun, perfect enough to blind you.

Do you want to have that experience? I want that experience. And I know that Twill never get it if I live to be a hundred years old, unless the Lord works a miracle in my life. But I know that the Lord can work the miracle, because He has told me about it in the Scriptures and in the writings of the special messenger to the Adventist Church, to the Adventist people. And I know that He would not have told me, if He did not plan to make it good.

As they were taking the apostle Paul out to behead him, he had just a few Mends present, and it is interesting what Ellen White says he told those few friends. He told them that nothing would fail of everything that God had promised. And it is going to happen--if you and I cooperate.