Nature

Nature Nugget – Thermoregulating Plants

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A number of species of plants have been discovered that produce heat when they flower, much like warm-blooded animals. Three of these species not only produce heat, but they also thermoregulate like birds and mammals. This means they are able to maintain a fairly constant temperature despite fluctuating air temperatures. Scientists are not completely sure why they produce heat and regulate their temperature, but since it is mainly the flowering parts of these plants that produce the heat, they believe it has to do with creating a warm, stable environment for pollinators, which facilitates reproduction. Another possibility is that the constant warmth may be required for proper development of its reproductive structures. Two of these plants, Skunk Cabbage and Selloum Philodendron, are in the Arum family and the other, Sacred Lotus, is a type of water lily.

The Sacred Lotus maintains its temperature near 90 degrees Fahrenheit for two to four days during its flowering period, even when air temperatures drop to 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Its receptacle, the spongy, cone-shaped center of the flower, produces most of the heat. In the Arums, the flowering part is called a spadix and is not a true flower, but is an inflorescence or clustering of small flowers called florets. The spadix, consisting of hundreds of florets on a common stalk, is partly surrounded by a large bract, or specialized leaf, called a spathe. The Skunk Cabbage’s spadix holds its temperature between 59 and 71 degrees Fahrenheit for at least two weeks during late winter when air temperatures are below freezing, and it even reportedly melts the snow around it.

The Selloum Philodendron, a common house plant, is able to maintain a high constant temperature in the 100 to 115 degree Fahrenheit range for 18 to 24 hours during its flowering period. The flowers are actually hot to the touch. Its foot-long inflorescences contain about 3,000 florets on a stalk. The uppermost florets are fertile males while the lowermost florets are fertile females. The middle florets in between are sterile males which provide food for the pollinators and are where the main heat is produced. During cold spells down to around 40 degrees Fahrenheit, they were discovered to be able to maintain their temperature as much as 60 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the air around them. This is producing heat at a level for their weight comparable to birds and insects in flight, which are the greatest heat producers known. This energy intensive reaction is fueled by fat in a very similar way as to what occurs in the metabolism of animals. This is very unusual, as plants normally utilize carbohydrates (starches and sugars) for energy.

Worldly scientists are saying that these thermoregulating plants and their animal-like strategy of cellular mechanics is an excellent example of convergent evolution whereby two distinct organisms come to the same conclusion because of a similar need. We as Christians know better than this. “The most profound intellects of the world, when not enlightened by God’s Word, become bewildered and lost while trying to investigate the matters of science and revelation. . . . Those who view these from a merely human standpoint will most assuredly come to wrong conclusions. The thorns of error, skepticism, and infidelity are disguised by being covered with the garments of philosophy and science. Satan has devised this ingenious manner of winning souls away from the living God, away from the truth and religion. He exalts nature above nature’s Creator.” “Ellen G. White Comments,” Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, vol. 7, 906.

“There are wonderful truths in nature. . . . But fallen man will not understand. Sin has obscured his vision, and he cannot of himself interpret nature without placing it above God.” Christ’s Object Lessons, 107. “Science is ever discovering new wonders; but she brings from her research nothing that, rightly understood, conflicts with divine revelation.” Education, 128.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Nature’s Cultivator

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Earthworms are free-living terrestrial and aquatic worms. There are 2,700 known species of earthworms in the world varying in size from less than an inch to nearly ten feet in length. Although some live in arid areas, most prefer to live in environments such as humid forests and other moist vegetated habitats where they are found in soil and leaf litter and under stones and logs. Earthworms do not have lungs, but breathe through their thin skin, which must be kept moist for this exchange of gases. In order to stay moist, earthworms coat their skin and burrows with mucous. They are sensitive to light and heat, so they must stay underground during the day. The worms are blind, but have light sensitive tissues near their heads, which help them avoid daylight. Earthworms come out of the ground at night when it is moist and humid, especially after rains, to feed and mate and to travel to new areas in search of food. They retreat deep underground in hot, dry weather and stay below the freeze zone in winter.

Being scavengers, earthworms feed on dead organic matter that they locate with chemo receptors (taste receptors) which cover their entire body. They feed by passing soil through the gut or by eating organic debris, such as leaves, which accumulate on the soil surface. Earthworms have gizzards where they use tiny stones to grind up the organic matter so it can be digested more easily. After the organic matter and soil pass through the worm, the waste is deposited on the surface of the soil in the form of castings.

Earthworms do wonders for the physical and chemical structure of the soil. The soil is “cultivated” by being ground up in the worms’ gizzards. Organic matter and nutrients are introduced to the soil by the worms pulling leaves and other matter underground and by the addition of excretory waste from the worms. Their castings are rich in nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus which are important for soil fertility and, along with their burrows, aerate the soil, improve drainage, and increase the soil’s water-holding capacity. Other positive influences on the soil by the worms are the mixing of surface and subsurface soils by their burrowing and ingestion of the soils. Scientists estimate that there can be over a million earthworms per acre in healthy moist soils, which can cover the soil’s surface with up to 18 tons of rich castings in a year.

As the earthworms cultivate the soil, building and improving it, so we as Christians need to cultivate our powers toward the building and perfecting of our characters. “All heaven has been looking on with interest, and ready to do whatever God might appoint, to help fallen men and women to become what God would have them. God will work for His children, but not without their cooperation. They must have indomitable energy, and a constant desire to become all that it is possible for them to be. They should seek to cultivate their powers and develop characters that will be meet for a holy heaven. Then and then only will the servants of God be bright and shining lights in the world. Then they will bring energy into their Christian life, for they will put all their powers to the task, and respond to the efforts that have been made to uplift, refine, and purify them, that they may shine in the courts above. They will bring all their powers under the control of the Spirit of God; they will study His Word, and listen for His voice, to direct, encourage, strengthen, and advance them in their religious experience.” Reflecting Christ, 296.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Autumn Leaves

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Every autumn, in temperate regions around the world, the leaves of deciduous trees undergo a transformation of color that can be quite spectacular. Leaves that spent the previous spring and summer in various shades of green now turn to brilliant shades of yellow, orange, and red. This color change is the result of transformations in leaf pigments.

The green pigment in leaves is chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy in the form of sugars and starches in a process called photosynthesis. Because chlorophyll is not a very stable compound, bright sunlight causes it to decompose. Therefore, plants have to continuously make more, which is a process that requires sunlight and warm temperatures.

Another pigment found in many plants is carotene, which produces yellow, orange, and brown colors. Unlike chlorophyll, carotene is very stable. When chlorophyll and carotene occur together in most leaves, the green color of the chlorophyll dominates and masks the colors of the carotene. This is why leaves appear green during the spring and summer.

A third class of leaf pigments, the anthocyanins, are red in color. Most anthocyanins are produced in the fall as a result of a reaction between high concentrations of sugars and certain proteins in the sap of the leaf cells in the presence of light. The color produced by anthocyanins is sensitive to pH. If the cell sap is highly acidic, the pigments will be a bright red color. If the cell sap has low acidity, it will be more purplish in color.

The cool nights and short days of autumn trigger a change in the trees. A corky membrane forms between the branch and the leaf stem. This membrane cuts off the flow of nutrients into the leaf, resulting in a decline in the production of chlorophyll. As a result, the remaining chlorophyll decomposes, causing the green color of the leaf to fade. If the leaf contains carotene, as do the leaves of birch and hickory, the color will change from green to yellow or orange. If it contains anthocyanins, the leaf will change to a shade of red or purple, as do the leaves of red maples, red oaks, and sumacs.

Weather also affects how bright the colors will be each season with temperature and moisture being the main influences. Lots of warm, sunny days and cool, crisp, above freezing nights produce the most spectacular color displays. Also, dry weather conditions increase the concentration of sugars in the leaf sap, which increases the amount of anthocyanins that are produced.

As the death of the leaves in the autumn produces a splendor of beauty, so the soul who surrenders his life to Christ and dies daily to self will develop a beautiful character as he beholds the life of Christ. “We need to understand how necessary it is that we die to self. Self-crucifixion will place souls on vantage ground. I entreat those [of you] who profess to be Christians to die to self that you may be stirred with a new life by the Holy Spirit’s power. Satan is working with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish. Daily we need the converting power of God, or we cannot walk in the footprints of Christ. As the mind is enlightened in regard to what is purity and sanctification, and the heart responds to the strivings of the Holy Spirit, a daily conversion will be the result.” The Upward Look, 269.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – King of Grasses

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Bamboos are woody, perennial evergreen plants that are members of the true grass family. There are about 1,200 species worldwide occurring in diverse climates from cold, 12,000-foot mountains to low, hot, tropical regions. They occur naturally on all continents except for Europe.

Bamboo stems, called culms, can range in height from a few centimeters to 40 meters (131 feet), with stem diameters ranging from 1 millimeter to 30 centimeters (about 12 inches). The stems are jointed with regular nodes, with the sections of stems between the nodes being hollow. A single stem of bamboo grows to full height from a rhizome (root) in one growing season and can persist for several years. Bamboos are the fastest growing woody plants, with some tropical species capable of growing from 1 to over 3 feet per day, but 1 to 2 inches per day is more typical for most garden variety species. When it comes to flowering, bamboos are gregarious, meaning that all of the same species within a region bloom at the same time. Some species flower only every 28 to 120 years, with some species dying after going to seed.

Numerous species of wildlife are dependent on bamboo and bamboo forests for food and shelter. Rare animals such as the giant pandas of China, mountain gorillas of Africa, golden lemurs of Madagascar, and the mountain tapirs of South America are dependent upon or closely connected with bamboo. Several birds are known to drill holes and nest in the hollow stems. The world’s second smallest bat species roosts in holes in bamboo stems. Many little known invertebrates are specially adapted to the environment within the hollow bamboo stems. Cavities that catch and hold water become the home and breeding place for frogs and numerous aquatic insects.

Millions of people use and depend on bamboo also, especially in third world countries. Because of its diversity of uses, it is known as the “friend of the people” in China and as the “wood of the poor” in India. Traditional uses by man include housing, furniture, food, cooking, paper, musical instruments, and boats. A single bamboo clump can produce up to 9 miles of usable poles in its lifetime. There are currently 1,500 documented uses of bamboo which support a 2 billion dollar bamboo industry.

Bamboo is one of the many gifts that God has given us and the animals to use for food and shelter. “Nature and revelation alike testify of God’s love. It is from Him that we receive every good gift. He is the source of life, of wisdom, and of joy. Look at the wonderful and beautiful things of nature. Think of their marvelous adaptation to the needs and happiness, not only of man, but of all living creatures. The sunshine and the rain, that gladden and refresh the earth, the hills and seas and plains, all speak to us of the Creator’s love. It is God who brings the bud to bloom, the flower to fruit. It is He who supplies the daily needs of all His creatures as brought forth in the beautiful words of the Psalmist: ‘The eyes of all wait upon Thee, And thou givest them their meat in due season. Thou openest thine hand, And satisfiest the desire of every living thing.’ [Psalm 145:15.]” Bible Training School, November 1, 1908.

David Arbour writes from his home in De Queen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Bowerbirds

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Bowerbirds are native to Australia and New Guinea. Unlike most birds which use just showy plumes and/or melodious songs to attract a mate, bowerbirds construct an elaborate structure on the forest floor called a bower. These structures are not nests for raising young but are bachelor pads designed to attract and seduce one or more females for mating.

Bowers vary from a simple circle of cleared earth with a small pile of twigs in the center to complex and highly decorated structures of sticks and leaves, which into and around the male places a variety of objects he has collected. These objects are usually brightly colored or shiny and may include hundreds of shells, leaves, flowers, feathers, stones, berries, insect parts, and even pieces of plastic and glass. The male will spend hours carefully sorting and arranging his collection, with each item having its own specific place. If an object gets moved while the bird is away, it is carefully placed back in its place. No two bowers are the same, with each collection of objects reflecting the personal taste of each bird and its ability to procure rare and unusual items. Male bowerbirds spend nine to ten months of each year working on their bowers.

There are three basic types of bowers: mats, avenues, and maypoles. Mat bowers are among the simplest, consisting of thick pads of plant material ringed with ornaments. Avenue bowers have two close-set parallel walls of sticks that sometimes arch over to create a tunnel. A couple of species even paint the inner walls of their avenue bowers with a stain made from chewed plants, charcoal, and saliva, using a leaf or twig as a paintbrush. Maypole bowers are the most elaborate of all, consisting of twig towers and hut-like structures built around one or more saplings in a carefully groomed courtyard decorated with ornaments. Some create lawns of moss around their creations. The first European naturalists to observe the hut-like bowers believed they were built by human pygmies because of their skillful and aesthetic design.

Researchers have noticed that the drab species of bowerbirds build the more fancy and elaborate bowers, and the brighter colored species build the more plain and simple bowers. Apparently, the drab birds, which can look similar to their females, compensate for their dull appearances by building flashier bowers. The Vogelkop Bowerbird is the plainest of the bowerbirds and is the builder of the largest and most elaborate bower. Its bower is a cone-shaped hut 40 inches high and 60 inches in diameter, with an entrance and a front lawn artistically arranged and decorated with colorful flowers and fruits. In addition, this bird is an amazing songster and mimic. Many species even vary their decoration schemes from year to year, like a fashion trend, to keep up with the changing tastes of the females.

As the male bowerbirds go to much trouble to prepare bowers for their females, so our Saviour is preparing mansions for us in heaven. “Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me. In my Father’s house are many mansions: if [it were] not [so], I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and receive you unto myself; that where I am, [there] ye may be also.” John 14:1−3. “What a comfort these words should be to us! Think of the work Christ is now doing in heaven—preparing mansions for His children. He wants us to prepare to dwell in these mansions.” That I May Know Him, 363.

David Arbour writes from his home in De Queen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Hubble Ultra Deep Field

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On a clear night, approximately 3,000 stars are visible with the naked eye, all of which are in our own galaxy. It is estimated that there are at least 100 billion individual galaxies in the Universe of which many contain hundreds of billions of stars. Each star, like our sun, is capable of having numerous planets rotating around it. Our galaxy, known as the Milky Way, is a cosmic ocean of 200 billion stars.

Astronomers are overwhelmed with the size of the Universe and the distances involved, so they have developed a special unit of measurement called the “light year” which enables them to begin to estimate distances in space. Light travels at a speed of 186,000 miles per second. At this speed, a trip to the moon would take only 1.3 seconds, and to reach the sun would take only 8 minutes. To reach the nearest star outside our solar system would take 4 years. A “light year” is the distance light travels in one year, which is 6 trillion miles.

Between September 24, 2003, and January 16, 2004, scientists picked a point in space and stared at it for a total of 11 days with the Hubble Telescope, which is in orbit 300 miles above the Earth. The region they picked to observe was a small patch of sky, one-tenth the diameter of the full moon, located in the constellation Fornax. This region was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. What they found and photographed is the farthest men have ever seen into the Universe, approximately 47 billion light years, and is said to be the single most important image ever taken by humanity. Using two types of cameras, they generated a composite image from 800 exposures taken over the course of 400 Hubble orbits around the Earth. This photo, known as the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, recorded 10,000 galaxies in a field of view which is smaller than the area blocked by a grain of sand held at arm’s length. This “deep core” sample of the Universe shows galaxies of various ages, shapes, and colors. Among the classic spiral and elliptical shaped galaxies are a number of odd shaped ones, including some that look like toothpicks and some that look like links on a bracelet. A few appear to be interacting.

“God calls men to look upon the heavens. See Him in the wonders of the starry heavens. [Isaiah 40:26 quoted.] We are not merely to gaze upon the heavens; we are to consider the works of God. He would have us study the works of infinity, and from this study, learn to love and reverence and obey Him. The heavens and the earth with their treasures are to teach the lessons of God’s love, care, and power. . . . The heavenly bodies are worthy of contemplation. God has made them for the benefit of man, and as we study His works, angels of God will be by our side to enlighten our minds, and guard them from satanic deception.” “Ellen G. White Comments,” Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, vol. 4, 1145. “When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; What is man, that thou art mindful of him?” Psalm 8:3, 4.

David Arbour writes from his home in De Queen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Bumblebee Social Order

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Social bees live in colonies and consist of three castes: the queen who produces the eggs, thousands of workers (sexually undeveloped females), and a few hundred drones (fertile males). There are three groups of social bees: the honeybees, stingless bees, and bumblebees. Found mainly in temperate climates, there are around 300 species of bumblebees worldwide.

Like all social bees, bumblebees are important as pollinators, because they visit flowers to feed on nectar and to gather pollen to feed their young. They make and store honey in a “honey pot” in their nests, which are constructed from wax, secreted from glands in the bees abdomens. The amount of honey bumblebees store in their nests is very small compared to honeybees; therefore, they were never domesticated by man.

Young fertilized queens are the only members of the bumblebee colony that survive the winter. In the spring, they emerge from hibernation and search for a location to start a colony. They usually choose an abandoned mouse or chipmunk nest or other underground cavity. The young queen then builds a small nest with brood cells from wax and stores nectar and pollen which she gathers from nearby flowers. She then lays a few eggs and feeds the hatched larvae from her stored food supply. Once the workers emerge, they take over the duties of the colony while the queen concentrates on egg laying.

The queen secretes a pheromone (chemical substance) that permeates the nest and represses sexual development in the workers by suppressing the glands that would otherwise lead to their ovaries developing. In late summer or early fall, the queen stops producing this pheromone in order that some of her eggs will develop into new queens. No longer restrained by the pheromone, some of the workers start egg-laying. The eggs are not fertile, but will develop into drones. The queen tries to destroy these eggs by eating them, because they are in competition with her own drone eggs. The egg-laying workers are angered by this act, and the social order of the colony collapses; anarchy reigns. The aging queen loses her social dominance and is killed by the workers. The young queens soon leave the nest and mate with the drones. Then they hibernate in seclusion and start the process over again the following spring.

Just as the queen bumblebee uses a pheromone to maintain the peace and social order in her colony, so we as Christians are to use prayer to maintain peace, order, and unity among ourselves. “The time has come for a thorough reformation to take place. When this reformation begins, the spirit of prayer will actuate every believer and will banish from the church the spirit of discord and strife. Those who have not been living in Christian fellowship will draw close to one another. One member working in right lines will lead other members to unite with him in making intercession for the revelation of the Holy Spirit. There will be no confusion, because all will be in harmony with the mind of the Spirit. The barriers separating believer from believer will be broken down, and God’s servants will speak the same things.” Ye Shall Receive Power, 285. “Prayer is a heaven-ordained means of success. Appeals, petitions, entreaties, between man and man, move men, and act as a part in controlling the affairs of nations. But prayer moves heaven. That power alone that comes in answer to prayer will make men wise in the wisdom of heaven, and enable them to work in the unity of the Spirit, joined together by the bonds of peace.” Sons and Daughters of God, 335.

David Arbour writes from his home in De Queen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Eclipses

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The Moon has no light of its own, but reflects light from the Sun. Eclipses occur when the Moon moves into a position of direct alignment with the Sun and Earth. There are two basic types of eclipses: lunar and solar. A lunar eclipse can only occur when the Moon is full and the Sun and Moon are on opposite sides of the Earth. The Moon passing through some portion of the Earth’s shadow causes the eclipse. The Earth’s shadow is composed of two cone-shaped components, one inside the other. The outer or penumbral shadow is a zone where the Earth blocks part but not all of the Sun’s rays from reaching the Moon. The inner or umbral shadow is a region where the Earth blocks all direct sunlight from reaching the Moon. There are two main types of lunar eclipses. Partial lunar eclipses occur when a portion of the Moon passes through Earth’s umbral shadow. Total lunar eclipses occur when the entire moon passes through Earth’s umbral shadow. Both these types of lunar eclipses are easily seen with the naked eye.

Solar eclipses occur when the New Moon passes directly between the Earth and the Sun causing a shadow to fall on the Earth. Like the Earth’s shadow during a lunar eclipse, the Moon’s shadow during a solar eclipse also has umbral and penumbral zones. And like the lunar eclipses, there are partial and total solar eclipses, depending on what part of the Moon’s shadow a particular part of the Earth passes through. During a solar eclipse, the Moon’s umbra shadow on the Earth creates a “path of totality” up to 200 miles wide that traces across the surface of the Earth. Within this zone daytime turns into an eerie darkness. Outside this zone, in the Moon’s penumbral shadow, some portion of the Sun’s bright disk remains visible. Solar eclipses are rare and are usually a once-in-a-lifetime event.

As the Moon reflects the Sun’s light to the Earth which is covered in darkness, so we as Christians are to reflect light from the Son of God to this dark, sinful world. We are not to let Satan get in the way and eclipse the light we receive and reflect from the Son to the world. “Satan’s work is to lead men to ignore God, to so engross and absorb the mind that God will not be in their thoughts. The education they have received has been of a character to confuse the mind and eclipse the true light. Satan does not wish the people to have a knowledge of God; and if he can set in operation games and theatrical performances that will so confuse the senses of the young that human beings will perish in darkness while light shines all about them, he is well pleased.” The Adventist Home, 401. “Satan is ever on the alert to deceive and mislead. He is using every enchantment to allure men into the broad road of disobedience. He is working to confuse the senses with erroneous sentiments, and remove the landmarks by placing his false inscription on the signposts which God has established to point the right way. It is because these evil agencies are striving to eclipse every ray of light from the soul that heavenly beings are appointed to do their work of ministry, to guide, guard, and control those who shall be heirs of salvation. None need despair because of the inherited tendencies to evil, but when the Spirit of God convicts of sin, the wrongdoer must repent and confess and forsake the evil. Faithful sentinels are on guard to direct souls in right paths.” Our High Calling, 92.

David Arbour writes from his home in De Queen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – The Water Cycle

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There are an estimated 326 million trillion gallons of water on the Earth. The Earth is covered with 70 percent water, 98 percent of which is salty. Only a small portion of the Earth’s water is fresh, and 1.6 percent of that is locked up in the polar ice caps and glaciers. Another 0.36 percent of the water is found underground in aquifers and wells. Only about 0.036 percent of the planet’s total freshwater supply is found in lakes, rivers, and streams. The rest of the planet’s freshwater is floating in the air as clouds and water vapor, locked up in the tissues of plants and animals, and sitting on shelves in stores as bottled water and other beverages.

The Earth’s water is always in circulation in a rapid recycling process called the water cycle. This cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. In the cycle, water can change from liquid, vapor, or ice at various periods. The process starts when the Sun’s heat warms the Earth’s surface waters causing the evaporation of water molecules into the air, changing the water from a liquid to a gas. The rate of evaporation is determined by temperature, humidity, and wind. The oceans supply about 80 percent of the evaporated water that goes into the atmosphere.

Another important source of water entering the atmosphere is through a process called transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which plants release water into the air. The most important sources of transpiration are the great forests of the world, especially the rain forests of the tropics. Transpiration accounts for 10 percent of all evaporating water going into the atmosphere.

As the water evaporates into the atmosphere, it cools and forms clouds. The clouds are groups of tiny water droplets or ice crystals and can come in all shapes and sizes. Water can be carried great distances as clouds, with the help of winds. When conditions are right, the water returns to the Earth in the form of precipitation as either rain, snow, hail, sleet, or freezing rain. After the water returns to the surface of the Earth, it flows into rivers and streams which take it back to the oceans, or it soaks into the ground to water plants and renew underground aquifers. Then the process starts over again. Individual water molecules in an apple you ate yesterday may have fallen as rain halfway around the world last year or may have been frozen in a glacier a thousand years ago.

Without water, life would not exist. Jesus says that He is the source of living water: “If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink. He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water.” John 7:37, 38.

“The cry of Christ to the thirsty soul is still going forth, and it appeals to us with even greater power than to those who heard it in the temple on the last day of the feast. The fountain is open for all. The weary and exhausted ones are offered the refreshing draught of eternal life. Jesus is still crying, ‘If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink.’ [John 7:37, last part]. ‘Let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely’ (Revelation 22:17). ‘Whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life’ (John 4:14).” The Desire of Ages, 454.

David Arbour writes from his home in De Queen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Resurrection Plants

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In the deserts of southwestern North America lives a plant known as the Resurrection Plant. It belongs to a group of plants known as Lycopods, whose members go by the common names of ground pines and club mosses. Lycopods are small plants that usually grow in moist locations. They lack flowers, fruits, and seeds; reproducing by single-celled spores. Their leaves are not true leaves, but leaf-like extensions of the stem.

The Resurrection Plant is different from other Lycopods in that it grows in dry, arid desert habitats. It has a special adaptation that allows it to live in this harsh environment. When the soil is moist after the infrequent rains that the deserts receive, the Resurrection Plant absorbs water and grows rapidly, producing a flat rosette of scaly stems up to one foot across. As the soil dries, it cannot store water like its succulent neighbors the cacti, so it folds up its stems into a tight ball as it dehydrates and goes into a state of dormancy. The plant can tolerate almost complete water loss in its vegetative tissues. The folded plant has a greatly reduced surface area, which helps conserve what little internal moisture is present. All its metabolic functions are reduced to a bare minimum, and it appears to be dead.

The desiccated plant can remain alive in this dried state for several years. The plant is able to do this because of large amounts of sucrose that it accumulates in its tissues. This sugar has the property of stabilizing enzymes and cellular structures in the absence of water. When the rains return, the plant’s cells rehydrate, the stems unfold, metabolism increases, and growth resumes.

In the eastern United States, there is a species of evergreen fern called the Resurrection Fern. This species is an epiphyte or air plant, and grows on the shaded branches of trees and occasionally on rocks and logs. Like most epiphytes, Resurrection Ferns get their nutrients from the air and from water and nutrients that collect on the surface upon which they are growing. Instead of true roots, they have rhizoids with which they attach themselves to surfaces. The ferns can survive long periods of drought by curling up their leaf fronds with their bottom sides upwards. In this way, they can rehydrate more quickly when rain comes, as water is more easily absorbed through the bottom of the leaves. During dry spells, the ferns appear dessicated, gray-brown, and dead, but when they are watered, they quickly uncurl and reopen, turning a bright green. Experiments have shown that this species can lose up to 97 percent of its internal water and remain alive, although they more typically only lose 76 percent of their water during dry spells.

These resurrection plants are a lesson in nature reminding us of the resurrection of Christ and the soon resurrection of the righteous dead at His second coming. Christ said, “I am the resurrection, and the life.” John 11:25. “At the Saviour’s resurrection a few graves were opened, but at His second coming all the precious dead shall hear His voice, and shall come forth to glorious, immortal life. The same power that raised Christ from the dead will raise His church, and glorify it with Him, above all principalities, above all powers, above every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in the world to come.” The Desire of Ages, 787.

David Arbour writes from his home in De Queen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.