Nature

Nature Nugget – The Emperor Penguin

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The Emperor Penguin is the largest of the penguins. They reach a height of nearly four feet (over one meter) and can weigh up to 90 pounds (40 kg). Emperor Penguins are the only species of bird that never sets foot on dry land, living exclusively on the Antarctic ice pack and in the surrounding sea. Like all penguins, Emperors are flightless, and use their modified wings as flippers to swim through the water. Emperor Penguins feed on fish, squid, and crustaceans and can dive deeper and remain under water longer than any bird. The average dive is over 700 feet (212 meters) for up to 18 minutes, but a record has been set at 1,700 feet (515 meters) for 22 minutes. When traveling across the ice, they toboggan on their bellies, using their flippers to push themselves along.

During the perpetual darkness of the Antarctic winter, Emperor Penguins gather in large colonies on the pack ice. The female lays a single egg. Soon after laying, she passes the egg to her mate and leaves for the sea to feed.

The male incubates the egg by balancing it on top of his feet and covering it with a thick roll of skin and feathers called the “brood pouch.” The temperature in the brood pouch is a constant 96.8 degrees F (36 degrees C). The incubation period runs through the coldest months of winter when temperatures drop to as low as minus 80 degrees F (27 degrees C) and winds reach velocities of up to 112 miles ( 190 kilometers) per hour. For added warmth and protection, the incubating males will huddle together in huge bunches. They take turns moving to the inside of the group, where they are protected from the icy wind.

Males do not eat during this incubation period, and by the time the females return, two months later, the males will have lost up to half their body weight. Females return to the colony at roughly the same time that the eggs hatch. If the chick hatches before the return of the female with food, the male can actually produce a “milk,” by a gland in his esophagus, to feed the chick for a short period of time.

With the return of the female, the male takes his turn in the sea to fatten up, before coming back to help feed the growing chick. The young chick stays sheltered in its mother’s brood pouch for two months. If a young chick falls out of the safety of this warm spot, it can freeze to death in as little as two minutes. As the chicks get older, the adults leave them in groups while they go fish. By January, as the ice begins to break up, the chicks are finally mature enough to head out independently to the open sea.

What patience and faith it must take for the male Emperor Penguin to stand on the freezing ice pack in the cold, dark, winter for two months, not knowing if his mate will survive to relieve him of his brooding duties. We Christians need such patience and faith to endure times of trial and darkness while waiting on our Lord’s return. “God’s chosen servants should meet with courage and patience the trials and sufferings that befall them through reproach, neglect, and misrepresentation. They should continue to discharge faithfully the work God has given them to do, ever remembering that the prophets of old and the Saviour of mankind and His apostles also endured abuse and persecution for the Word’s sake.” Prophets and Kings, 437.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at incadove@ipa.net.

Nature Nugget – Ocean Giants

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Most of the largest animals in the world reside in the oceans. The oceans are nutrient rich, which provides an abundance of food, and the buoyancy of seawater helps support the animal’s massive weight.

The whale shark is one such example. It is the largest fish in the world, reaching a maximum length of around 50 feet and weighing up to 15 tons. Whale sharks cruise slowly at the surface of warm seas, feeding on plankton, krill, small fishes and squids, which they filter out of the water with their sieve-like gill rakers. Their gill rakers are so efficient that they can filter prey as small as one millimeter in diameter! Through their five-foot wide mouths they can filter over 1,500 gallons of water an hour. Whale sharks give live birth to their young, which are about two feet in length. They reach maturity at about 30 years of age and are believed to live well over 100 years.

Manta rays are another large, live-bearing fish species. They have “wingspans” of up to almost 30 feet and can attain weights of up to 3,000 pounds. They swim by flapping their pectoral fins, like a bird flapping its wings, and are capable of making incredible leaps out of the water. Like the whale shark, manta rays live in tropical waters and feed on plankton and small fishes. They have two large, flap-like cephalic lobes extending forward from the eyes, which they use to funnel food into their wide mouths while they swim.

The largest invertebrate in the world also lives in the sea. Found in most of the world’s oceans, the giant squid can attain lengths of up to 60 feet and weigh up to a ton. Sucker marks 18 inches in diameter have been found on the skin of sperm whales and suggest that squid up to 200 feet long could exist. Giant squid live deep in the sea where there is very little light. They have huge eyes the size of a man’s head to help them see. They prey on fish and other squids, which they capture with their sucker-laden tentacles. Giant squid are fast growers and only have a life span of about five years. Sperm whales are the only known enemies of the adult squids.

The blue whale is the largest mammal in the world, weighing as much as thirty elephants. It could easily carry the largest dinosaur on its back. At a maximum length of 118 feet and weighing up to 150 tons, it is the largest creature that has ever lived on the earth. Blue whales feed mainly on krill, which they strain through baleen plates in their mouths. A full-grown whale can consume up to four tons of krill a day. Newborn blue whales are around 23 feet long and can weigh 6,000 to 8,000 pounds. These whales have the richest milk of all mammals, and on this diet, the young whales can gain up to 200 pounds and grow one and a half inches in length per day.

The Lord is looking for “spiritual giants”! Men and women who are strong in moral power and who are qualified to stand as pillars in the cause of God. “The greatest want of the world is the want of men—men who will not be bought or sold, men who in their inmost souls are true and honest, men who do not fear to call sin by its right name, men whose conscience is as true to duty as the needle to the pole, men who will stand for the right though the heavens fall.” Education, 57.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at incadove@ipa.net.

Nature Nugget – Mammalian Aviators

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There are nearly 1,000 species of bats in the world, which amounts to approximately a quarter of all mammal species. They are found everywhere except in the most extreme desert and Polar Regions. Bats are the only mammals that are capable of sustained flight. All bats fit into one of two groups, the Microchiroptera (typical bats) or the Megachiroptera (flying foxes). The flying foxes are named for their fox-like faces and are found only in the Old World tropics.

Bats are highly varied in appearance and size. Some have long, angora-like fur, ranging in color from bright red or yellow to jet-black or white. One species, the naked bat, is furless while others are so brightly patterned that they are known as butterfly bats. Others have enormous ears, or leaf-shaped noses, or intricate facial features, which play a sophisticated role in navigation. The bumblebee (or hog-nosed) bat of Thailand, weighing one-third the weight of a penny, is the world’s smallest mammal. In contrast, some flying foxes have wingspans of up to six feet.

Seventy percent of all bats are insect eaters. A few tropical species feed exclusively on fruit or nectar. Others are carnivorous, feeding on small vertebrates such as fish, frogs, mice, and birds. Vampire bats, of which there are three species, feed exclusively on blood. Bats are beneficial in that they play essential roles in keeping populations of night-flying insects in balance, including mosquitoes. In the tropics, the seed dispersal and pollination activities of fruit- and nectar-eating bats are vital to the survival of rain forests, with some acting as keystone species in the lives of plants crucial to entire ecosystems. For example, only bats pollinate the Baobab tree of African savannahs, which is often referred to as the Tree of Life because it is so important to the survival of numerous wildlife species. In the Old World tropics alone, more than 300 plant species are known to rely on the pollinating and seed dispersal services of bats.

Among the slowest reproducing mammals on earth, bats average only one young per year. But they are long-lived, with some surviving for more than 34 years. Some tropical bats engage in elaborate courtship displays. Male epauleted bats sing and flash large fluffs of white shoulder fur to attract mates. Male crested bats perform a spectacular display by expanding long hairs on top of the head similar to a peacock spreading its tail.

Bats are not blind, and many have excellent vision. Like dolphins, most bats navigate by echolocation, which involves the use of high-frequency sounds. Using sound alone, bats can “see” everything but color. In echolocation a series of short, high-pitched sounds are emitted. These sounds travel out away from the bat and then bounce off objects and surfaces in the bat’s path, creating an echo. The echo returns to the bat giving it a sense about what is in its path. This echolocation system is so accurate that bats can detect insects the size of gnats and objects as fine as a human hair.

Just as the bat’s echolocation shows it what is in its path and guides it safely through the darkness, so the Word of God guides the Christian in the path he should follow in this world of sin and darkness. “Thy word [is] a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.” Psalm 119:105. “This book is God’s great director. . . . It flashes its light ahead, that we may see the path by which we are traveling . . . .” My Life Today, 27. “The path where God leads the way may lie through the desert or the sea, but it is a safe path.” Patriarchs and Prophets, 290.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at incadove@ipa.net.

Nature Nugget – Sapsucker Wells

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Sapsuckers are small woodpeckers that breed only in North America. There are currently four species recognized: the Yellow-bellied, Red-naped, Red-breasted, and Williamson’s Sapsuckers. The first three species are very closely related and may in actuality be just variations of the same species, since they look similar, have the same calls and habits, and interbreed where their ranges overlap. The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker is found mostly in eastern North America; the Red-naped Sapsucker is found at low to medium elevations throughout the interior west; the Red-breasted Sapsucker is found along the Pacific coast; and the Williamson’s Sapsucker is found at higher elevations in the mountains throughout the west.

Sapsuckers are cavity nesters and prefer to nest in trees such as aspens and poplars that are infected with heart rot fungus. The fungus makes the heartwood soft, which makes excavating the nest cavity easier. They excavate a new nest cavity every year. Their old cavities provide nesting sites for other species such as swallows, bluebirds, chickadees, and other woodpecker species.

As their name suggests, sapsuckers feed on tree sap, as well as on insects, and even on the cambium (inner bark) of certain trees. Sapsuckers drill vertical and horizontal rows of sap “wells” along the trunks of living trees. Sapsucker wells have been found on more than 275 species of both deciduous and coniferous trees. Each well or hole is about a quarter-inch in diameter and oozes a steady stream of sugary sap. The high sugar content of the sap attracts insects, which become trapped in the sticky sap. When the sapsucker visits the sap wells, it captures (laps) sap and insects with its long bushy tongue. The sapsuckers feed their young with insects dipped into the sap wells, which provides both protein and sugars for the young. This sap accounts for as much as 20 percent of the young sapsuckers’ diet.

Sapsuckers are a “keystone” species, meaning that large portions of certain ecosystems are dependent on them for survival. Not only are numerous species of birds dependent on their old cavities for nesting sites, but whole communities of other organisms use the sap wells for food, including wasps, hornets, butterflies, warblers, chipmunks, and squirrels. Other species such as flycatchers, robins, and vireos feed on the swarms of insects attracted to the sap. Thirty-five species of birds have been reported to visit sapsucker wells to feed on the nutrient-rich sap and/or the insects attracted there. Early returning hummingbirds in the spring are often dependent on sapsucker wells until the flowers start blooming.

As the sapsucker is dependent on the sapsucker wells for its survival, so should we depend on Christ and His Word for our survival. “But whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life.” John 4:14. “The words of God are the wellsprings of life. As you seek unto those living springs you will, through the Holy Spirit, be brought into communion with Christ.” Thoughts From the Mount of Blessing, 20. And as the sapsucker wells overflow and feed a wide variety of other creatures, so should we let God’s Word overflow from our lives to feed others. “He has intrusted you with sacred truth; Christ abiding in the individual members of the church is a well of water springing up into everlasting life. You are guilty before God if you do not make every effort possible to dispense this living water to others.” Christian Service, 12.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at incadove@ipa.net.

Nature Nugget – Troglomorphic Fishes

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There are 81 known species of subterranean fishes in the world. Some travel back and forth between the darkness underground and the light above, but many spend their entire lives in the pitch-blackness of subterranean rivers, streams, lakes, and springs. These are the troglomorphic species, and they have adapted to this harsh environment by the loss of their eyes and the development of numerous large sensory papillae on various parts of their bodies. These sensory papillae are sensitive to vibrations and touch and compensate for their lack of sight, permitting them to carry on life functions, such as finding food and avoiding predators, in total darkness. They also lack pigment in the skin and look pinkish because of blood vessels showing through their translucent skin.

There are two groups of troglomorphic fishes in the United States, the cavefishes of the family Amblyopsidae and the blindcats of the family Ictaluridae. The cavefishes are less than five inches in length and are found in the eastern United States. They have a large branchial cavity, which allows them to carry and incubate their eggs in the gill chamber. Because the cave systems they live in are energy poor, cavefishes eat infrequently and conserve energy by having slow metabolisms and remaining motionless most of the time. They are slow-growing and long-lived. Cavefishes feed on copepods, isopods, amphipods, crayfish, small salamanders, and even their own young.

The Alabama Cavefish is found only in Key Cave in Lauderdale County, Alabama. Its total known population is numbered at less than 100, making it one of the most endangered fishes in the world. In contrast, the Southern Cavefish is uncommonly found in caves over a fairly large area involving seven states. The two remaining troglomorphic species in this family are the Ozark Cavefish of the Springfield Plateau and the Northern Cavefish of south-central Indiana and central Kentucky. Both are considered rare, with the Ozark Cavefish being classified as a threatened species.

The blindcats consist of four species, of which two occur in the United States. These are known from five artesian wells penetrating the San Antonio Pool of the Edward’s Aquifer in and near San Antonio, Texas. They have been found to occur together in three of these wells. Both species are abundant in their habitat and occur in these subterranean waters at depths of 900–2,000 feet. The Toothless Blindcat, at four inches, feeds on fungal growths and detritus, while the Widemouth Blindcat, at five inches, is an opportunistic predator, feeding on shrimp, amphipods, and isopods.

Just as these subterranean fishes have lost their eyesight from living in total darkness, so the Christian is in danger of losing his spiritual eyesight by living in the darkness of sin. “In following the path of Satan’s choosing, we are encompassed by the shadows of evil, and every step leads into deeper darkness and increases the blindness of the heart. The same law obtains in the spiritual as in the natural world. He who abides in darkness will at last lose the power of vision. He is shut in by a deeper than midnight blackness; and to him the brightest noontide can bring no light. He ‘walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his eyes.’ 1 John 2:11.

“Through persistently cherishing evil, willfully disregarding the pleadings of divine love, the sinner loses the love for good, the desire for God, the very capacity to receive the light of heaven. The invitation of mercy is still full of love, the light is shining as brightly as when it first dawned upon his soul; but the voice falls on deaf ears, the light on blinded eyes.” Thoughts From the Mount of Blessing, 92.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at incadove@ipa.net.

Nature Nugget – Dragons

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Found on a few small islands in the Indonesian archipelago, the world’s largest lizard, the Komodo Dragon, reigns as top predator in its world. Reaching 10 feet in length and capable of weighing well over 300 pounds, the Komodo Dragon is a member of the monitor lizard family. Local names for the giant lizard include buaja darat meaning land crocodile and Ora meaning mouth. No doubt these names originated from the ferocious appetite and predatory nature of this reptile. Able to consume up to 80 percent of its own body weight in a single meal, Komodo Dragons are carnivores and feed mostly on carrion but are quite able to make their own kills. Although they can run briefly at speeds of up to 12 mph, they prefer to hunt by ambushing with stealth and power and are capable of taking large prey such as wild boar, deer, goats, water buffalo, and occasionally humans.

The Komodo Dragon’s teeth are its most dangerous weapon. Besides being large, curved, and serrated, they contain large numbers of bacteria, which are harbored in the teeth’s serrations due to meat residues from previous meals. Some fifty different bacterial strains, of which at least seven are known to be highly septic, have been found in their saliva. Any bite from one of these dragons is fatal and will kill the victim within a few days. Komodo Dragons are immune to each other’s bite, which is of great interest to the scientific community.

Komodo Dragons have fairly good sight and hearing, but their sense of smell is their primary food detector. They smell by the use of their long, yellow, forked tongues with which they gather airborne molecules and touch them to the roof of their mouths where there are special organs called Jacobson’s Organs that act as chemical analyzers. This system, along with an undulatory walk in which the head swings from side to side, helps the dragon sense the existence and direction of odoriferous carrion from as far away as 2.5 miles when the wind is right.

Males maintain and defend a territory and patrol up to 1.2 miles per day. Territories are dependent on the size of the animal. Feeding territories extend further and are often shared with other males. Komodo Dragons are generally solitary except during the breeding season and when feeding at carcasses. Females lay 20 to 40 eggs in the ground, and the young hatch in about 8 months. The young are 15 inches at hatching and spend the first year of their life living in the trees feeding on insects. The average life span for a Komodo Dragon is around 20 years. The Komodo Dragon is listed as an endangered species, as the total world population is around 5,000 with only 350 of them being breeding age females.

There is another dragon in this world besides the Komodo Dragon, and the Bible warns us about him: “The great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.” “And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ.” Revelation 12:9, 17.

Nature Nugget – Fishing Techniques

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Fish are in the middle of the food chain. Many types of predators, using various types of techniques, prey upon them.

The Bulldog Bat of Central and South America hunts both freshwater and saltwater fish at night by using echolocation to detect ripples on the surface of calm waters. When a ripple is detected, the bat swoops down and skims the surface, trailing its feet about an inch below the surface sweeping for the fish. Its feet have long, sharp claws for grasping the fish and flattened toes, which cut down on water resistance.

Found nearly worldwide, the Osprey uses its sharp eyesight to spot fish. When a fish is spotted, it hovers above it then plunges from as high as 100 feet with wings swept back and talons thrust forward. Its head enters the water first, and it frequently completely submerges. The Osprey grabs the fish with its talons, which have rough pads on their bottom to help them grasp the slippery prey. Ospreys also have an opposable front toe that they can rotate backwards to give them a more balanced hold on the fish. After capture, the Osprey adjusts the fish in its grip so that the head is pointed forward to make it more aerodynamic.

A relative of the Osprey, the Bald Eagle, also uses sharp eyesight to spot fish, which are its main diet. When a Bald Eagle spots a fish, it skims the surface of the water with its talons to catch it, rather than plunging like the Osprey. Unlike the Osprey, which can catch fish several feet below the surface, the Bald Eagle can only catch fish that are near the surface. Its rear talon is over an inch long and is used to puncture and kill its prey. Bald Eagles will also steal fish from Ospreys by diving on them and chasing them until they drop the fish, which the eagle will then catch before it hits the ground.

Found in large rivers, lakes, and oxbows of southern North America, the Alligator Snapping Turtle is the largest freshwater turtle, reaching up to 300 pounds. To catch a fish dinner, the turtle wiggles the pink worm-like lure located at the end of its tongue to attract a fish. It sits still on the bottom; its algae-covered shell camouflaging it, with its mouth wide open. When a fish comes close to take the lure, the turtle’s jaws snap shut on it like a trap.

The Six-spotted Fisher Spider of North America uses water tension to sit on the surface of the water while fishing. It plunges one leg below the surface to use as a lure to attract small fish. When a fish comes close enough, it plunges under the surface, and after catching it, bites it, injecting a poison that dissolves the body. The spider then sucks out the fish’s body juices—a type of “animal slurpy.”

Christ calls upon us to be fishers (soul winners) of men; He says, “Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men.” Matthew 4:19. Although the God-given talents and gifts of each individual are varied and useful in soul-winning, there is one main technique or method which God wishes us to learn to be effective “fishers of men.” “If you are in communion with Christ, you will place His estimate upon every human being. You will feel for others the same deep love that Christ has felt for you. Then you will be able to win, not drive, to attract, not repulse, those for whom He died.” Christ’s Object Lessons, 197.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: incadove@ipa.net.

Nature Nugget – Fish Cleaning Stations

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Fishes have thousands of scales for parasites to get under and create annoyance, but no fingers with which to scratch themselves. Cleaning stations provide that service for them. Cleaning stations are places on the coral reef where various species of fish and shrimps, known as cleaners, provide the services of parasite removal and grooming for other species. The relationship between these cleaners and their patients is a symbiotic relationship, which is beneficial to both parties involved. The cleaners benefit by feeding on the parasites and dead tissue, and the patients benefit by having these things removed from their bodies. Fish literally line up to wait their turn at these stations, and ocean-going species travel long distances to the reefs to receive this service. Species as large as sharks and Manta Rays and even sea turtles and Moray Eels visit these stations. Even the most voracious predators are careful not to harm a cleaner, allowing it to nibble everywhere and freely explore mouth and gills. The service provided at the cleaning stations is so important that the whole coral reef community would die without it.

Of the approximately fifty species of fish that are known to perform the service of cleaners, none are as well known and represented as members of the wrasse family. Cleaner wrasses or doctorfish, as they are sometimes called, are boldly marked with blue, white, black, and sometimes yellow longitudinal stripes. The cleaner wrasses advertise their services with a dance routine. The flash of their electric-blue stripe acts as a beacon to attract fish in need of cleaning. Orderly queues soon form. By rushing forward, turning sideways, and then retreating, it draws each patient into an abnormal but most accessible position. The patient then spreads its fins, opens its mouth, and lifts its gill covers. The wrasse’s tweezer-like teeth then get to work removing ectoparasites, dead skin, and tissue from old wounds. They have been known to clean up to 300 fish in a six-hour period and remove as many as 1,200 parasites a day.

Cleaner shrimp, of which there are six species, are identified with bold red bands or markings. They mate for life and work in pairs, usually at night or in crevices. Cleaner shrimp attract patients by doing a tap dance with their spindly legs. Like the cleaner wrasses, the shrimps clean the whole surface of the fish including inside the mouth and gills, picking off ectoparasites and dead tissue with their pincers. When superficial surgery is required, it is left to the cleaner shrimp, which makes small incisions in the skin with their sharp claws to remove hidden parasites. During this procedure, the patient may wince with pain, but it still remains motionless. Cleaner shrimp will even clean plaque from the teeth of scuba divers who remove their mouthpieces and open their mouths, allowing the shrimp in.

Just as the fish in the sea have to come to the cleaning stations on the coral reefs to be cleansed of their parasites, so we as sinners need to come to Christ and repent to be cleansed from the parasites of sin. “If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us [our] sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.” 1 John 1:9. “If you are condemned, there is but one course for you to pursue: you must repent toward God because of the transgression of His law, and have faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ as the one who only can cleanse from sin.” Selected Messages, Book 1, 317.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Transformed Cicadas

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Cicadas, of which there are 1,500 species worldwide, are in the order Homoptera (sucking insects) and make up the family Cicadidae. Some species are annual, emerging every year, and some are periodical, with numerous years between emergences. As adults and juveniles, they feed on the xylem fluid of woody plants, using piercing and sucking mouthparts.

Female cicadas lay 200 to 600 eggs in slits they cut in the twigs and branches of trees and shrubs. The eggs hatch into nymphs, which drop to the ground and burrow into the soil as deep as six feet. Here they feed on the roots of trees and shrubs until they are ready to emerge. After spending most of their lives underground, the nymphs leave their burrows and climb up the trunks of trees where they emerge as fully-winged adult cicadas, leaving their old, empty, nymphal skins (exubia) behind. As adults, they complete their life cycle in just two to six weeks.

Adult male cicadas produce a loud, species-specific, mate-attracting song, using specialized sound-producing organs on their abdomens called tymbals. These sounds are among the loudest produced by any insect. Some large species, such as the Greengrocer of Australia, produce noise intensity in excess of 120 decibels at close range, which is approaching the pain threshold of the human ear. In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that the noise is beyond the range of human hearing. When male cicadas sing, they have to close their tympana (hearing organs), so they will not be deafened by their own noise. Many species of cicadas gather into groups while calling, producing such a loud chorus that it repels birds, one of their main predators.

Periodical cicadas, of which there are seven species, have a life cycle of either 13 or 17 years, depending on the species, and occur only in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. They have synchronized, regional emergences, which may cover parts of one state or several states, and some that can cover significant portions of the country. Unlike annual cicadas that appear every summer in relatively small numbers, periodical cicadas emerge in mass, numbering more than a million per acre. Their choruses are deafening but fortunately cease before dark, allowing anyone living in a “plagued” area to get some sleep! The whole invasion is over in four weeks after the first emergence, the adults having mated and died. The 17–year periodical cicada is the second longest living insect, next to the queen termite.

Just as the cicada nymph emerges from a lifetime of darkness underground and is transformed into a winged adult, leaving its old empty shell behind, so the sinner can leave a life of darkness in sin and be transformed into a new person, leaving behind his old, worldly self. “Souls that have borne the likeness of Satan have become transformed into the image of God. This change is in itself the miracle of miracles. A change wrought by the Word, it is one of the deepest mysteries of the Word. We cannot understand it; we can only believe, as declared by the Scriptures, it is ‘Christ in you, the hope of glory.’ ” The Acts of the Apostles, 476. Paul tells us, in Ephesians 4:22–24, to put off the old man, which is corrupt, and to put on the new man, which is created in righteousness and true holiness.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.

Nature Nugget – Regeneration In the Animal World

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Some organisms have the ability, by a process known as regeneration, of reorganizing their tissues to replace sections of their bodies that may have been lost or damaged. Although this process is most prevalent among invertebrates, it occurs among some vertebrates as well. The most famous of the vertebrates having abilities of regeneration are the Urodeles.

The Urodeles, a class of animals which includes newts and salamanders, have the ability to regenerate morphologically normal limbs following amputation at any time throughout their lives. They can also regenerate their tail, heart muscle, jaw, spinal cord, and more.

Fishes are another group of vertebrates with well-known regenerative abilities. Most fish can regenerate their fins, retinas, and almost any part of their central nervous system including sections of the brainstem. Many, if not all, can regenerate their spinal cord axons. Among reptiles, only the lizards have regenerative abilities. They can regenerate their tails solely, but this has developed into a defense strategy for them. When captured, they lose their tail, which starts wiggling, distracting the predator and allowing them to escape.

Among the invertebrates, the starfish or sea stars are well known for their incredible regenerative abilities. Not only can a starfish regenerate a lost limb, but the lost limb itself has the ability to regenerate a whole new starfish! This is only possible, however, if the lost arm includes part of the central disc or main body of the starfish. Years ago, the fishermen in one coastal area hired scuba divers to dive down to the shellfish beds and break in half all the starfish they could find. Since the starfish competed with them for the shellfish, the fishermen, not knowing of the starfish’s great regenerative abilities, thought this would kill the starfish and solve the problem. The fishermen soon had double the population of starfish with which to contend!

A close relative of the starfish, the sea cucumber, is capable of regenerating most of its body parts, including its internal organs. As a result, it has developed, as a means of defense against predators, a phenomenon known as evisceration, in which the sea cucumber expels some of its major organs such as the gonads, intestine, and respiratory tract.

We, as sinners, are in need of regeneration or we shall be lost! “Regeneration is the only path by which we can enter the city of God. . . . The old, hereditary traits of character must be overcome. The natural desires of the soul must be changed.” Testimonies, vol. 9, 23. We must have a new heart and spirit! “Humanity has no power to regenerate itself. It does not tend upward, toward the divine, but downward, toward the satanic. Christ is our only hope.” Patriarchs and Prophets, 73. “Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost.” Titus 3:5. “Christ gave His life to secure for us this inestimable treasure [kingdom of God]; but without regeneration through faith in His blood, there is no remission of sins, no treasure for any perishing soul.” Christ’s Object Lessons, 112, 113. Just as the organisms mentioned above are able to regenerate lost or damaged parts, so Christ, through the workings of the Holy Spirit, can regenerate our sin-damaged, lost souls. “The work of regeneration must be wrought in the heart and conscience by the power of the Holy Spirit . . . .” The Great Controversy, 233. “The Spirit is given as a regenerating agency, to make effectual the salvation wrought by the death of our Redeemer.” The Acts of the Apostles, 52.

David Arbour writes from his home in DeQueen, Arkansas. He may be contacted by e-mail at: landmarks@stepstolife.org.