What’s in a Sneeze?

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Reasons for Sneezing

  • Allergies
  • Viral infections
  • Breathing in certain medications like nasal sprays
  • Eating spicy foods
  • Stress and strong emotions
  • Temperature change
  • Bright lights

Sneeze Droplets Can Carry

  • Common cold
  • Flu
  • Strep throat
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Pneumonia
  • Meningococcal disease

“Sneezing … is a sudden and forceful expulsion of air through the nose and mouth. It is the body’s natural reflex to clear the nasal passages of irritants and harmful particles.” (medicoverhospitals.in/symptoms/sneezing)

A sneeze sends 40,000 droplets of moisture into the air and on nearby surfaces. These droplets carry viruses and bacteria that can be inhaled by others.

What happens to these droplets once they are sneezed out depends on their size. The bigger they are, the quicker they fall and end up on the floor or some other surface—although movement in the room can cause them to become airborne again. For instance, opening a door can change the airflow and pull viruses up from the floor. Smaller and lighter droplets can stay airborne almost indefinitely.

Sneezing is a symptom of many different conditions, so to treat sneezing, healthcare providers treat the underlying issue. For instance, if the underlying condition is a bacterial infection, a doctor might prescribe antibiotics.

If sneezing is the only symptom you are experiencing, you likely won’t need to contact your doctor. However, if the sneezing is combined with a fever, nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, hives, diarrhea, and itchy, watery eyes, then you probably have severe allergies or an infection.

While sneezing is most often spontaneous, it is possible to make yourself sneeze.

  • Wiggle tissue or a Q-tip around in your nose
  • Sniff pepper
  • Rub the roof of your mouth with your tongue
  • Massage the bridge of your nose
  • Pluck your eyebrow or nose hair

Interestingly, one in three people can make themselves sneeze by looking at a bright light. This ability is hereditary and called photic sneezing. We don’t really know how bright light causes the sneeze, but maybe the light stimulates a branch of our parasympathetic nervous system, which is part of the autonomic nervous system which is responsible for the body’s rest-and-digest activities such as digestion, salivation, and urination when the body is at rest. Or the light source may stimulate the optic nerve, which stimulates the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions like biting and chewing) and that makes you sneeze.

Trying to hold back a sneeze can be bad for your health. It can damage blood vessels, cause vertigo, rupture ear drums, and even cause hearing loss.

The nasal cavity—our nose—is part of the upper respiratory tract because we breath in and out through it (inspiration and exhalation). Noses are big, small, and all sizes in between. But when you consider how much is contained in the nasal cavity, it will shock you. In it we find bones, cartilage, tissues, blood vessels, and nerves all of which extend to the back of the upper part of the throat (the nasopharynx).

The anterior or front of the nose, known as the vestibule, is lined with tissue and short, coarse hair. This nose hair is a natural air filter.

Nose hair …

  • Protects your respiratory system by trapping airborne particles like dust, pollen, and other particles and pathogens, like viruses and bacteria from reaching your respiratory tract.
  • Retains water which keeps your mucus membranes moist. They don’t function well when dry.
  • Is coated with a thin layer of mucus that traps smaller particles that may try to sneak past the coarse hairs in front.
  • Cilia (tiny, hair-like structures) work with the mucus to move the trapped particles into the throat where they can be swallowed or expelled.

And here is a plus: Studies have shown that the denser the nose hair, there is a reduced risk of developing asthma, especially if you have allergies. Of course, some people prefer to trim or even remove these hairs for cosmetic reasons, but removing too many can lead to a greater risk of respiratory illnesses. Nose hairs won’t make you sneeze, but stimulation of the nerves inside the nose and the gathering of debris, particles, and unfamiliar materials in the nose hairs can cause you to sneeze.

Since sneezing clears the nose and throat of irritants and things that make us sick, and can also spread viruses and bacteria to those around us, here are some common-sense ways to protect not only ourselves, but others as well, from the bad stuff contained in the 40,000 moisture droplets in each sneeze.

  • Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue
  • Sneeze in your upper sleeve, not your hands
  • Wash your hands after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose
  • Avoid contact with sick people

Strange Cases

In 2023, Katelyn, a young 12-year-old girl began to sneeze for reasons unknown. She would sneeze 12,000 times per day, 20 sneezes per minute for up to 15 minutes at a time, affecting every aspect of her life. Her father told of one instance when she sneezed for 45 minutes straight. Doctors said it was a tic. She would experience a funny feeling in her nose and then the sneezing would begin. They say that this funny feeling is very common for tics. She would find some relief in listening to The Beatles, which stopped the sneezing temporarily, but no one could say why.

Another young girl, Lauren, also sneezed constantly over a four-month period. She was diagnosed with an extremely rare condition known as PANDAS—a pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder believed to be the result of cross-reactive antibodies that cause an inflammatory response in the basal ganglia (a topic for another issue). This condition is linked to streptococcal infections when the body has a hyper-reaction to a bacterial infection like strep, tics, even OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder).

Sneezing is even mentioned in a strange case in the Bible. After Elisha “stretched himself out” on the Shunammite woman’s dead son, the boy sneezed seven times and opened his eyes. (See 2 Kings 4:18-37.)

Sources: my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/sneezing; my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23266-parasympathetic-nervous-system-psns; tyla.com/health/girl-sneezes-12000-times-day-775774-20230118; urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/What the Inside of Your Nose Reveals; nosetrimmer.club/nose-hair-cause-sneezing; healthfully.com/The Function of Nose Hairs; aspire.care/families-caregivers-pandas-is-autoimmune-encephalitis; livescience.com/3686-gross-science-cough-sneeze

Did You Know?

During a sneeze, some of those moisture droplets are propelled out of the nose at ≥200 miles per hour.

You cannot sneeze once you are in deep REM sleep because the associated muscles are inactive.

It’s not true that your heart stops when you sneeze. It can slow it down for a short period of time, but it doesn’t stop it.